FIMTEC & MPRLJournal of Membrane Science and Research2476-54069120230101Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) as a Reliable Technology for Wastewater Treatment: Review25500310.22079/jmsr.2022.548826.1532ENLuay I.QrenawiEngineering Department, University College of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 1415, Gaza, Palestine0000-0002-0110-7673Fahid K.J.RabahCivil Engineering Department, Islamic University of Gaza, P.O. Box 108, Gaza, PalestineJournal Article20220214Effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants become a major contributor to water contamination. Higher quality effluent and the need for wastewater reuse are the key reasons for developing technologies towards improved wastewater treatment (WWT). Membrane bioreactor (MBR), a modern method for municipal wastewater treatment, combines membrane separation and biological treatment. In this article, an overview of MBR, its advantages and disadvantages, configurations, modes of operations, materials, and modules were presented. Membrane fouling issue was covered with a focus on types, sources and forms of fouling. Factors affecting fouling including operational conditions, feed, biomass and membrane characteristics were comprehensively discussed based on the latest research results. The article furtherly highlights recent experimental work conducted to mitigate and control fouling which include chemical cleaning, physical cleaning, biological control, electrical control and membranes and module modification. Challenges and future perspectives for MBR industry were also presented. The article concluded that despite having high capital and operation costs, the widespread of MBR is continuing and is expected to increase year by year, but fouling is the most significant hinder of its large-scale application for WWT. Fouling control, minimization or prevention is a hot research point that still needs further investigation and development.https://www.msrjournal.com/article_255003_65e0c8c32e66011d602be86bcdf5b733.pdfFIMTEC & MPRLJournal of Membrane Science and Research2476-54069120230101A Novel Polymer Inclusion Membrane Containing an Organometallic Complex Carrier for The Extraction and Recovery of Chromium and Nickel from Wastewater25476410.22079/jmsr.2022.546447.1527ENZakaria HabibiLaboratory of Materials Engineering for Environment and Valorization (GeMEV), Faculty of Sciences Chock, University Hassan II, Casablanca, MoroccoChaouqi YoussefLaboratory of Materials Engineering for Environment and Valorization (GeMEV), Faculty of Sciences Chock, University Hassan II, Casablanca, MoroccoLaboratory of Research on Textile Materials (REMTEX), ESITH Casablanca, MoroccoMohammed RiriLaboratory of Materials Engineering for Environment and Valorization (GeMEV), Faculty of Sciences Chock, University Hassan II, Casablanca, MoroccoSanaa MajidLaboratory of Materials Engineering for Environment and Valorization (GeMEV), Faculty of Sciences Chock, University Hassan II, Casablanca, MoroccoKhalifa TouajLaboratory of Materials Engineering for Environment and Valorization (GeMEV), Faculty of Sciences Chock, University Hassan II, Casablanca, MoroccoMiloudi HlaibiLaboratory of Materials Engineering for Environment and Valorization (GeMEV), Faculty of Sciences Chock, University Hassan II, Casablanca, MoroccoJournal Article20220113In this study, two types of affinity polymer membranes containing new organometallic complexes (Gd-glucaric acid) as extractants were prepared and characterized. They were used to extract Cr (VI) ions from concentrated solutions (0.0068M–0.0009 M). These affinity polymer membranes were tested by designing an easier extraction process from the substrate at different concentrations and different temperatures. Additionally, macroscopic parameters such as permeability (P) and initial flux (J<sub>0</sub>) were evaluated to explain the extraction process of the substrate using these membranes. The results showed that the value of the initial flux (J<sub>0</sub>) of the extracted substrate was related to its initial concentration C<sub>0</sub> by the saturation law, which allowed determining the microscopic parameters, the apparent diffusion coefficient (D<sup>*</sup>), and the substance formed (substrate-extraction agent) along with its constant correlation (K<sub>ass</sub>). The substrate factors and the temperature significantly affected the evolution of these parameters and the performance of the membrane during extraction. The activation parameters (E<sub>a</sub>, ΔH<sup>≠</sup>, and ΔS<sup>≠</sup>) were determined, and the results indicated that the high performance of these types of membranes is related to the use of advanced techniques. The efficiency was related to the movement properties of the substrate through the organic phase and the structure of the membrane. The membranes developed were used to conduct experiments related to selective extraction and removal of chromium ions from a mixture containing Ni (II) ions. The results of these tests were conclusive and indicated a co-transport of Cr (VI) and Ni (II) ions, along with a marked reduction in the values of P and J<sub>0</sub>, which enhanced the performance of the membrane.https://www.msrjournal.com/article_254764_e8054d2ba72f56d31744fd913541be8d.pdfFIMTEC & MPRLJournal of Membrane Science and Research2476-54069120230101Composite Vanadium-Iron Metal Membrane for Hydrogen Recovery in Ammonia Production Unit69662110.22079/jmsr.2022.549300.1534ENRitu ParasharHomi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai - 400094Desalination & Membrane Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai - 4000850000-0001-9521-7728Bipin Chandra NailwalDesalination & Membrane Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai - 400085Nitesh GoswamiDesalination & Membrane Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai - 400085Raja Kishora LenkaPowder Metallurgy Division, Materials Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Vashi Complex, Navi Mumbai - 400705Sourav SarkarChemical Engineering Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai - 400085Amit Kumar SinghaDesalination & Membrane Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai - 400085Krishna Kumar SinghHomi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai - 400094Chemical Engineering Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai - 400085Asis Kumar AdakDesalination & Membrane Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai - 400085Soumitra KarHomi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai - 400094Desalination & Membrane Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai - 400085Suresh Chandra ParidaHomi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai - 400094Product Development Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai – 400085Sulekha MukhopadhyayHomi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai - 400094Chemical Engineering Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai - 400085Journal Article20220222Hydrogen separation from purge gas of ammonia production unit is an important step for maintaining the desired composition of gas in ammonia synthesis reactor, with an overall objective of helium concentration. Metal membranes, owing to high selectivity (typically >10,000) for hydrogen, are potential candidates for separation of hydrogen from un-reacted hydrogen-helium mixture. In this work, we report for the first time, fabrication, characterization and testing of composite Vanadium-Iron (V: 95 mol% - Fe: 5 mol%) metal membrane for separation of hydrogen - helium gas mixture, and CFD simulation of V-Fe membrane permeator. The clay-alumina support tubes were fabricated with optimized composition of 8% clay and 92% alumina, sintered at 1400 ºC. At optimized composition, average pore size of support was found to be 1.5 μm with a porosity of ~ 37%. The hydrogen permeance of V-Fe membrane was found to be ~ 300 GPU with no helium detected in the permeate. CFD simulation studies were carried out for single-tube (78.5 cm<sup>2</sup>) as well as scaled-up membrane permeator having a total membrane area of 0.22 m<sup>2</sup>. Optimized set of parameters to achieve a hydrogen recovery of >95% (flow rate: 7.17 kg/s) was found to be: Reynolds number: 8.28 × 10<sup>-3</sup>, Feed-side pressure: 5 bar, Annular space for feed flow: 28.98 mm. The study provides valuable inputs for design and development of commercial metal membrane permeator for separation of hydrogen from the helium present in purge gas of ammonia production unit.https://www.msrjournal.com/article_696621_5b0ba923226503469656cce055a3aa0f.pdfFIMTEC & MPRLJournal of Membrane Science and Research2476-54069120230101Optimization of Antifouling Properties of Mixed Matrix Membrane Synthesized via In-situ Colloidal Precipitation25499810.22079/jmsr.2022.557323.1551ENYui Moon ChenCentre for Water Research, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, SEGi University, Jalan Teknologi, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, MalaysiaKah Chun HoCentre for Water Research, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, SEGi University, Jalan Teknologi, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia0000-0001-5591-3120Mieow Kee ChanCentre for Water Research, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, SEGi University, Jalan Teknologi, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, MalaysiaYeit Haan TeowDepartment of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, MalaysiaAida Isma Mohamad IdrisCentre for Water Research, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, SEGi University, Jalan Teknologi, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, MalaysiaJournal Article20220707This research was conducted to optimize the mixed matrix membrane (MMM) embedded with reduced Graphene oxide/Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (rGO:MWCNTs) by response surface methodology (RSM). The MMMs were fabricated via in-situ colloidal precipitation method. The process variables are concentration of nanomaterials (A) and weight ratio rGO:MWCNT (B), while the response is normalized flux treating methyl orange (MO) dye. The statistical analysis revealed that the experimental result obeyed to the establishment of quadratic model which possessed superior validity and adequacy with high R<sup>2</sup> (0.9249). The normalized flux is known to be strongly influenced by nanomaterials concentration represented by the p-value (0.0004-0.0022< 0.05). The RS plots revealed that the permeate flux and antifouling were attained at minimal concentration of nanomaterials. This is because the adequate dosage of nanomaterials can reduce aggregation and prevent membrane pore blockage. The optimal nanomaterials concentration (0.0303 g/L) and weight ratio (34.3 wt.%) were suggested to achieve high normalized flux of 0.9213. Meanwhile, the confirmatory experiment revealed that the normalized flux of 0.8645 was achieved with low percentage of error 6.16 %. In short, this study asserts that the developed quadratic model was highly reliable in enhancing the normalized flux by optimizing the membrane formulations.https://www.msrjournal.com/article_254998_90ef67beca3bf44a42c2640985670118.pdfFIMTEC & MPRLJournal of Membrane Science and Research2476-54069120230101Evaluation of the Use of Reverse Osmosis in the Treatment of Galvanic Effluents69981310.22079/jmsr.2022.562616.1565ENRicardo ZelinskiPostgraduate Program in Process Engineering and Technologies (PEGEPROTEC), University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil0000-0003-3839-495XWendel PauloSilvestrePostgraduate Program in Process Engineering and Technologies (PGEPROTEC), University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil0000-0002-9376-6405Jocelei DuartePostgraduate Program in Process Engineering and Technologies (PGEPROTEC), University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil0000-0003-2418-8397Nathália FerronatoLivinalliPostgraduate Program in Process Engineering and Technologies (PGEPROTEC), University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil0000-0002-6902-4129Mára ZeniPostgraduate Program in Process Engineering and Technologies (PGEPROTEC), University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil0000-0002-6562-3706Camila BaldassoPostgraduate Program in Process Engineering and Technologies (PGEPROTEC), University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil0000-0001-5763-8724Journal Article20220925The effluents from galvanotechnical processes contain toxic metals and recalcitrant substances. In the last few years, the restrictions on the quality of these effluents before release into the environment have intensified. A possible resolution for this problem is employing membrane separation processes, such as reverse osmosis, as a part/step in the treatment of this kind of effluent. This study aimed to analyze two strategies to enhance the performance of a galvanic treatment system. Strategy A was composed of physical-chemical treatment, advanced oxidation, simple filtration, and an ion exchanger, with the implementation of reverse osmosis in the existing process. Strategy B consisted of the substitution of the ion exchanger by reverse osmosis. It used a polysulfone RO membrane supported in polyamide. The efficiency of the proposed strategies regarding the environmental parameters for the disposal of the treated effluents was analyzed. The obtained results showed for strategies A and B removal of 99.45 % and 98.90 % for Ni, 99.96 % and 99.86 % for Cu, 99.77 % and 99.36 % for Zn, 98.16 % and 95.00 % for chemical oxygen demand, 94.13 % and 94.24 % for ammoniacal nitrogen, and 100% for total suspended solids, respectively. About 80-90 % of the starting transmembrane flux was restored in both strategies after chemical cleaning, but irreversible fouling also occurred. Total blocking was the main fouling mechanism observed, regardless of the strategy. The effluents treated using both strategies complied with the environmental parameters for the disposal of galvanic effluents, allowing for the substitution of a step in the process (strategy B). However, strategy A, due to the ion-exchange step, was more effective since it yielded lower final concentrations of heavy metals in the treated effluents. The ion-exchange step helps reduce the number of chemical cleanings and operational costs, increasing membrane lifespan, and reducing environmental impacts because of the smaller amounts of metal ions present in the treated effluent.https://www.msrjournal.com/article_699813_b4bbfd13d23179b0b00d112d949b57ae.pdfFIMTEC & MPRLJournal of Membrane Science and Research2476-54069120230101Fabrication and Characterization of Polysulfone/Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Mixed Matrix Hollow Fiber Membranes for Hemodialysis: Effect of Dope Extrusion Rate and Air Gap69997810.22079/jmsr.2022.1972553.1578ENNoresah SaidAdvanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, MalaysiaSumarni MansurAdvanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, MalaysiaMuhammad Nidzhom Zainol AbidinDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaChemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, IndonesiaAhmad Fauzi IsmailAdvanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, MalaysiaJournal Article20221115Membrane fabrication aspects include the membrane formulation and composition, the operating parameter, and the proper condition during membrane spinning which affect the membrane morphology. In this study, mixed matrix hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) which are composed of polysulfone (PSf) and iron oxide nanoparticles, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, were developed with the focus on investigating the effects of dope extrusion rate (DER) and air gap on the morphological properties and the liquid separation performance of the mixed matrix HFMs for hemodialysis application. The mixed matrix HFMs were fabricated via dry-wet spinning technique at various DER (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mL/min) and air gaps (10, 30, 40, 50, and 60 cm), followed by the morphological characterization and the permeation study of the mixed matrix HFMs. At the DER of 1.0 mL/min and the air gap of 50 cm, the mixed matrix HFMs displayed the most ideal morphology. Furthermore, the mixed matrix HFMs attained the pure water permeability of 70.84 Lm<sup>-2</sup>h<sup>-1</sup>bar<sup>1</sup>, the bovine serum albumin rejection of 98.2%, and the optimum molecular sieving profile. The effects of DER and air gap heightened the morphological properties and the liquid separation performance of PSf/Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> mixed matrix HFMs for hemodialysis applicationhttps://www.msrjournal.com/article_699978_249ddc9ac820816f48c3e9678b302b97.pdfFIMTEC & MPRLJournal of Membrane Science and Research2476-54069120230101Characterization of Coaxially Electrospun Poly (L-Lactic) Acid/Chitosan with Heparin Modification as Patch Angioplasty Candidate69998610.22079/jmsr.2022.552200.1542ENDhea SaphiraSalsabilaBiomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java 60115, IndonesiaPrihartini WidiyantiBiomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java 60115, Indonesia0000-0002-5636-5100Edric HernandoBiomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java 60115, IndonesiaIndira MarettaHuluBiomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java 60115, IndonesiaTarissa DiandraPutri WibowoMedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java 60115, IndonesiaJournal Article20220419
Atherosclerosis in the carotid artery is the leading cause of ischemic stroke. Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA) is a procedure of atherosclerosis plaque removal to prevent stenosis, which significantly reduces the risk of transient ischemic attack. Currently, the application of commercialized patch grafts in CEA has shown several disadvantages regarding its incompatibility with the carotid artery. Poly (L-Lactic) Acid (PLLA)/Chitosan (CS) electrospun fibers with heparin modification were fabricated as biocompatible patch graft through coaxial electrospinning with composition variations of 1:0; 1:2; 1:3; 1:4. Pre-synthesis measurement of viscosity and surface tension was conducted to optimize the electrospinnability of PLLA 10% and CS 3% (w/v). FTIR results confirmed the existence of each material's functional group. Physical and mechanical properties were enhanced along with the increased PLLA/CS ratio. The hydrophilicity was optimized by the 1:4 electrospun fibers, which reduced the contact angle to 27°. The 1:4 electrospun fibers also resulted in a suitable degradation rate within 72 days and desirable tensile strength at 3.864 with 24.8% elongation. According to the results, Poly (L-Lactic) Acid/Chitosan electrospun fibers have a promising potential as a patch angioplasty candidate.https://www.msrjournal.com/article_699986_d1b79299696eabeff75c8bf88b3b5b31.pdf